Riferimenti bibliografici

• Cumming, J.M. & Wood, D.M. (2009) Chapter 2: Adult Morphology and Terminology: 9-50. In Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (a cura di) Manual of Central American Diptera. . Volume 1. National Research Council (Canada) Research Press. ISBN 0660198339.
• McAlpine, J.F. (1981) Morphology and terminology - Adults: 9-63. In McAlpine, J.F.; Peterson, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; Vockeroth, J.R.; Wood, D.M. (a cura di) Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph N. 27, Ottawa, Canada. ISBN 0-660-10731-7.
• Merz, B. & Haenni, J.P. (2000) Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia): 21-51. In Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (a cura di) Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 1. General and Applied Dipterology. Science Herald, Budapest, Hungary. ISBN 963 04 8839 6.